Cliff Mining Bee vs Durham slug

Andrena thoracica compared with Arion flagellus

Key Differences

• Cliff Mining Bee is Extinct while Durham slug is Least Concern.

Taxonomic Classification

Rank	Cliff Mining Bee	Durham slug
Kingdom same	Animalia (Animals)	Animalia (Animals)
Phylum	Arthropoda (Arthropods)	Mollusca (Mollusks)
Class	Insecta (Insects)	Gastropoda (Gastropoda)
Order	Hymenoptera (Ants, Bees & Wasps)	Stylommatophora (Stylommatophora)
Family	Andrenidae	Arionidae
Genus	Andrena	Arion
Species	Andrena thoracica	Arion flagellus

Evolutionary Relationship

Cliff Mining Bee and Durham slug share a common ancestor at the Kingdom level: Animalia. (Animals)

Conservation Status

Cliff Mining Bee

EX — Extinct

Durham slug

LC — Least Concern

Physical Characteristics

Attribute	Cliff Mining Bee	Durham slug
Diet	—	—
Average Lifespan	—	—
Average Length	—	—
Average Weight	—	—

Habitat & Geographic Range

Cliff Mining Bee

Habitat

Typically found in virtually all terrestrial and freshwater habitats.

Range

Distributed across Denmark, Luxembourg, Norway, and Sweden.

Durham slug

Habitat

Typically found in terrestrial and aquatic habitats including forests and freshwater.

Range

Found across Africa (South Africa) and Europe (6 countries).

Cliff Mining Bee

The Cliff Mining Bee, Andrena species in the family Andrenidae, is a solitary ground-nesting bee that excavates tunnels in cliff faces, earthen banks, and compacted sandy or loamy soils, where the loose or friable substrates exposed in cliff profiles provide ideal nesting conditions. Mining bees in the genus Andrena are among the most species-rich solitary bee genera in the world, with hundreds of species across the Holarctic region, many narrowly specialized in their choice of pollen host plants. Female cliff mining bees construct vertical or angled burrows in cliff faces, with lateral cells off the main shaft, each containing a pollen ball and a single egg. Males are typically smaller and emerge before females to establish territories near nesting sites. Many Andrena species are oligolectic, collecting pollen from only a small number of plant species, making their populations sensitive to the availability of specific flowering plants in the landscape surrounding nesting areas. Cliff and bank nesting habitats provide well-drained, sun-warmed substrates essential for brood development. The loss of natural cliff faces and earthen banks to development, vegetation succession, and quarrying reduces available nesting habitat for cliff mining bees.