Choco Yellow-shouldered Bat vs Compact Stonewort

Sturnira koopmanhilli compared with Nitella tenuissima

Key Differences

• Choco Yellow-shouldered Bat is Data Deficient while Compact Stonewort is Extinct.

Taxonomic Classification

Rank	Choco Yellow-shouldered Bat	Compact Stonewort
Kingdom	Animalia (Animals)	Plantae (Plants)
Phylum	Chordata (Chordates)	Charophyta (Charophyta)
Class	Mammalia (Mammals)	Charophyceae (Charophyceae)
Order	Chiroptera (Bats)	Charales (Charales)
Family	Phyllostomidae	Characeae
Genus	Sturnira	Nitella
Species	Sturnira koopmanhilli	Nitella tenuissima

Conservation Status

Choco Yellow-shouldered Bat

DD — Data Deficient

Compact Stonewort

EX — Extinct

Physical Characteristics

Attribute	Choco Yellow-shouldered Bat	Compact Stonewort
Diet	—	—
Average Lifespan	—	—
Average Length	—	—
Average Weight	—	—

Habitat & Geographic Range

Choco Yellow-shouldered Bat

Habitat

Typically found in diverse terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.

Range

Distributed across Colombia and Ecuador.

Compact Stonewort

Habitat

Native to Asia and Europe and North America, inhabiting ecosystems characteristic of the region.

Range

Distributed across Brazil, Norway, Sweden, Taiwan, and United States.

Choco Yellow-shouldered Bat

The Choco Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira koopmanhilli) is a medium-sized frugivorous bat in the family Phyllostomidae, endemic to the Chocó biogeographic region of northwestern South America, where it occurs in the humid forests of the Pacific slope of Colombia and adjacent Ecuador. It belongs to the genus Sturnira — the yellow-shouldered bats — characterised by males bearing distinctive yellowish, orange, or reddish shoulder glands (from which the group's name derives), robust bodies, and rounded ears. Like all Sturnira, this species is primarily frugivorous, consuming a wide range of small, soft fruits from pioneer and forest trees, and plays an important role as a seed disperser in disturbed forest patches and forest edges. The diet of Solanaceae (nightshade family) fruits is particularly typical of the genus, and Sturnira bats are considered the primary dispersers of many pioneer Solanum species in Neotropical secondary succession, contributing directly to forest regeneration. The IUCN classifies the Choco Yellow-shouldered Bat as Data Deficient, reflecting significant uncertainty about the species' distribution limits, population size, and ecological requirements. The Chocó region continues to experience rapid deforestation, which threatens frugivorous bat diversity even where individual species lack adequate data for formal threat assessment.

Compact Stonewort

<em>Nitella tenuissima</em>, a stonewort formerly found in fresh and brackish water habitats, was a member of the charophyte family Characeae — the algal lineage most closely related to land plants. Historical records document its occurrence across Brazil, Norway, Sweden, Taiwan, and the United States, where it inhabited clear, oligotrophic lakes, ponds, and slow-flowing water bodies with low nutrient levels. Like other Nitella species, it was a delicate, translucent, submerged aquatic plant lacking the calcium carbonate encrustation of related genera, forming low-growing mats on soft sediments in well-illuminated shallow water. The species played a role in aquatic ecosystems by stabilising lake sediments, contributing to water clarity, and providing microhabitat for invertebrates and small aquatic organisms. <em>Nitella tenuissima</em> is classified as Extinct by the IUCN, having not been recorded from any of its former localities despite targeted searches. The primary causes of its extinction are believed to be widespread eutrophication of freshwater habitats driven by agricultural nutrient runoff and sewage discharge, which eliminated the clear, nutrient-poor conditions on which the species depended. The loss of this stonewort is emblematic of the broader decline of freshwater charophyte diversity across the Northern Hemisphere. Biological traits including historical morphological measurements and reproductive parameters are documented only in sparse historical herbarium specimens and early botanical literature.