Upwelling
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<speciesfyi-glossary slug="upwelling"></speciesfyi-glossary>Definition
The rising of cold, nutrient-rich water from the deep ocean to the surface, fueling high biological productivity.
Detailed Explanation
Upwelling regions — including the Humboldt Current off Peru and Chile, and the Benguela Current off southern Africa — are among the ocean's most productive zones, supporting massive fisheries. El Niño events suppress upwelling along the South American coast, triggering fishery collapses with global economic consequences. Coastal upwelling is driven by wind-induced Ekman transport pushing surface water offshore.